Intestinal pneumatization - what it is and possible therapy Symptoms of intestinal pneumatization

What is elevated pneumatosis

Increased pneumatization of the intestine occurs due to injury to the membrane of the large and small intestine. The walls become thinner, opening the way for gases and air. Cysts or cavities appear inside the membrane, which are accompanied by symptoms and threaten complications. If you look at the intestines from the inside, the walls will be covered with bubbles. Among the types of pathological syndrome there are: widespread to the intestines, limited, pneumatosis of the colon, ileum, ileocecal region (an area of ​​abundant proliferation of microorganisms).

Severe pneumatosis intestinalis

Single blisters formed during inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract are not so terrible, but if all the walls suffer the same fate, then blockage of the intestinal lumen may occur. This painful condition is called “hyperpneumatosis” and is a severe stage of pneumatosis, when inflammation of the organ occurs along with the general symptoms of diverticulosis. Hyperpneumatization of the intestine occurs with intestinal obstruction syndrome. The process is characterized by impaired motility of this organ and problems with the passage of food through the digestive tract.

Causes of pneumatosis intestinalis

Pneumatosis of intestinal loops is formed due to the accumulation of gases and the inability to absorb them into the blood. Thus, gas accumulations are not removed, forming air cavities on the intestinal mucosa. Other factors in the development of pathology are the penetration of air from the stomach into the intestinal walls and improper development of lymphatic capillaries. Other causes of pneumatosis:

• lesions of the large and small intestine due to infectious severe intestinal diseases, in which gas is a waste product of pathogenic microbes and remains in the damaged walls of the organ (Proteus, E. coli);
• low mobility of children at an early age;
• gases are not released through natural openings;
• violation of peristalsis;
• intestinal obstruction;
• intestinal cramps;
• increase in intra-abdominal pressure.

Pneumatosis intestinalis in a child

Pathology is detected in children with intestinal obstruction after surgery. Severe pneumatosis intestinalis in a child affects the tone and reduces intestinal motility. In infants, this disease can occur due to low mobility or pathology of the gastrointestinal tract. If a large accumulation of gases is detected in the abdominal cavity during an ultrasound, the pediatrician or gastroenterologist prescribes the child medications that reduce gas accumulation in order to avoid serious complications, and massage.

Pneumatosis intestinalis during pregnancy

Intestinal emphysema, pneumatosis during pregnancy, occurs due to a malfunction of the gastrointestinal tract or diseases such as colitis or enteritis. For pregnant women, when this pathology occurs, the question may arise: how will the pathology affect the health of the unborn baby? E. coli found in diverticulosis can enter the newborn's body during childbirth, which threatens the development of meningitis. Therefore, if the source of pneumatosis is pathogenic bacteria, it is better to start treatment early to avoid possible consequences.

Intestinal hyperpneumatosis: symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Intestinal hyperpneumatosis (pneumatosis) is a pathological process that is characterized by the formation of air cysts in the intestinal wall. The disease manifests itself as cramping, diffuse pain and a feeling of fullness in the abdomen.

In this case, frequent stool disorders, belching, nausea, and vomiting occur. The set of diagnostic measures includes a consultation with a gastroenterologist, a survey X-ray of the abdominal cavity, colonoscopy, and irrigoscopy.

Depending on which symptoms predominate in this condition, for hyperpneumatosis, carminative, laxative, antispasmodic or antidiarrheal medications are prescribed, as well as a diet with limited consumption of foods that cause excessive gas formation.

General information about the disease

Intestinal hyperpneumatosis is a fairly rare disease of the digestive system, in which gases penetrate from the intestinal cavity into the thickness of its walls and form air cavities in them.

In most cases, this pathological process is localized in the subserous or submucosal layer of the jejunum or colon.

The disease can occur in people of all ages, but mainly occurs in older people and infants due to frequent disturbances of the digestive system and reduced physical activity.

The size of air cysts in diameter varies from 0.5 to 5 cm. According to the prevalence of the process, hyperpneumatosis is divided into diffuse and limited, which affects only one area of ​​the intestine. The diffuse form is characterized by the uniform distribution of pathological formations along the entire length of the intestinal tract.

Frequently asked questions from patients: “Does intestinal hyperpneumatosis occur without structural changes?”, “How to treat the disease?”. The disease never goes away without structural changes, since air cysts disrupt the structure of the intestinal walls, after which more serious organic lesions can develop.

Causes

This disease rarely acts as an independent pathology. It most often develops against the background of primary damage to the digestive tract. The main cause of intestinal hyperpneumatosis is the excessive formation and prolonged presence of gases in it, which is observed due to the following pathological conditions:

1. Gastrointestinal tumors. As a result of the development of benign and malignant neoplasms in the intestine, blockage or narrowing of its lumen occurs, which contributes to the development of intestinal obstruction, excessive accumulation of gases and their penetration into the intestinal walls.
2. Various intestinal infections. In case of severe infectious damage to the intestines (cholera, dysentery, foodborne illnesses, salmonellosis), excessive gas formation is the result of the fermentation process and the formation of gaseous substances by pathogenic microorganisms.
3. Other diseases of the digestive system. They can be atony, intestinal pathologies of inflammatory origin (enterocolitis, colitis, Crohn's disease), the presence of adhesions, in particular between intestinal loops, which contributes to impaired gas utilization and the development of hyperpneumatosis.
4. Unhealthy Lifestyle. Frequent nervous disorders, adynamia, consumption of excess amounts of foods that provoke excessive gas formation (bread, cabbage, legumes, etc.) can lead to disturbances in the digestive processes, the occurrence of flatulence and the formation of air cavities in the intestinal wall.

Intestinal hyperpneumatosis in a child

In most cases, pneumatosis in children appears with the development of infectious pathologies. Somewhat less often - as a result of intestinal obstruction, which forms against the background of tumors in the intestine and after surgical interventions. In addition, in children, this disease can be caused by lack of physical activity.

In infancy, children experience insufficient maturity of the digestive system, as a result of which they often experience flatulence. Intestinal hyperpneumatosis in a child has an extremely negative effect on motor functions.

If there is excessive formation of gases in a child, treatment is carried out using gas suppressants and long-term massage courses.

The child’s body has the ability to quickly recover due to the speed of cell regeneration processes. With timely diagnosis of this disease, absolute recovery is possible without becoming chronic.

Clinical picture of this pathological process

Symptoms of intestinal hyperpneumatosis depend on the number of gas cavities and the extent of spread. Patients most often complain of a constant feeling of discomfort and excessive heaviness in the abdomen, impaired passage of gases (flatulence). In addition, periodic abdominal cramping pains that do not have a clear localization often occur.

The formation of air cysts in the intestines leads to inhibition of peristalsis processes and the development of constipation. A prolonged absence of stool gives way to diarrhea, in which mucus impurities are observed in the stool.

The patient experiences belching with an unpleasant odor, vomiting, and nausea.

Diffuse spread of the disease leads to a significant deterioration in the patient’s general condition: pallor of the skin, increasing weakness, decreased blood pressure, and a compensatory increase in heart rate.

It is important to find out in advance what intestinal hyperpneumatosis is. Timely treatment will help avoid serious complications.

Possible complications

Increased intraintestinal pressure during hyperpneumatosis contributes to changes in the shape of intestinal loops with the formation of intussusception or volvulus.

An increase in the number of bubbles or their size contributes to the development of partial or complete blockage of the intestinal lumen with the formation of obstructive intestinal obstruction.

This pathological condition is often accompanied by severe intoxication of the body, which can lead to the development of infectious-toxic shock and death.

The proliferation of air cavities contributes to the development of intestinal adhesions. Excessive pressure on the intestinal wall provokes disruption of its nutritional processes, the occurrence of ischemia, and subsequently necrosis.

Necrosis of some parts of the intestine and excess gas pressure causes ruptures of the intestinal walls, penetration of intestinal contents into the abdominal cavity. In this case, peritonitis develops, which requires emergency measures. If they are absent or not carried out in a timely manner, the patient develops sepsis.

Diagnostic procedures

Due to the absence of specific pronounced symptoms in the case of the development of limited intestinal hyperpneumatosis, diagnosis of the disease is quite difficult. If severe pain or digestive disorders occur, patients should consult a gastroenterologist.

The specialist carries out a comprehensive examination, studies concomitant pathologies and medical history, and pays special attention to pathologies of the digestive tract. In certain cases, during deep palpation of the abdomen, the doctor is able to palpate small round formations that run along the intestinal tract in a row and resemble bunches of grapes.

Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity with hyperpneumatosis may be uninformative.

In order to make an adequate diagnosis, the following diagnostic studies may be prescribed:

1. Plain X-ray of the abdominal cavity. This procedure allows you to determine the presence of gas bubbles of various sizes located in a chain on the intestinal walls. The disease is characterized by the presence of ring-shaped double shadows in swollen intestinal loops.
2. Colonoscopy. This endoscopic examination helps to visualize gas bubbles, assess the condition of the mucous membrane of the organ and the extent of its damage. If necessary, an endoscopist performs a biopsy of a section of the intestine for histological examination. Differential diagnosis of hyperpneumatosis should be carried out with nonspecific colitis, diverticula, pneumoperitoneum and intestinal duplication. With complete obturation, intestinal obstruction of another nature is excluded.
3. Irrigoscopy. Using this diagnostic technique, the presence of excess gas in enlarged loops of the colon is determined in the form of several nearby rounded shadows, which are separated by a wall. During the examination, it is also possible to detect areas of intestinal narrowing, the presence of pathological neoplasms, and ulceration of the intestinal tube.

Now it is clear what it is - intestinal hyperpneumatosis.

Treatment

Taking into account the fact that this pathological process develops secondary, accompanied by other diseases of the digestive organs, first of all, it is necessary to eliminate the original cause of the disease.

Therapeutic tactics for eliminating hyperpneumatosis are aimed at relieving bloating and stabilizing the release of gases from the intestines naturally.

Due to the fact that after resection of the affected area, relapses of the disease often occur, surgical removal of blisters is used extremely rarely. Treatment of intestinal hyperpneumatosis is usually carried out in the following areas:

1. Taking medications, which includes prescribing medications based on simethicone and fennel, which eliminate the symptoms of flatulence. For pain and abdominal cramps, antispasmodics are used, for constipation - laxatives, and for the development of diarrhea - antidiarrheal drugs. If the patient experiences a slowdown in peristalsis, prokinetics are prescribed. If the development of the pathological process is infectious, the use of antibacterial agents may be required.
2. Diet for intestinal hyperpneumatosis. A well-designed diet should include only low-fat, fresh food. It is recommended to eat various cereals, soups, lean fish and poultry. Among drinks, preference should be given to fruit drinks, jelly, and weak tea. It is recommended to consume the dishes in small quantities, 4-5 times a day, boiled, fresh or stewed. In addition, you should exclude from your diet foods that cause excess gas formation: tomatoes, beans, cabbage, smoked and fried foods, apples, canned food, baked goods, sweet pastries, carbonated drinks. It is also necessary to stop drinking alcoholic beverages.

Hyperbaric oxygenation

An additional treatment method for hyperpneumatosis is hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO).

Due to the active saturation of the blood with oxygen, the total pressure of venous blood gases decreases, which in some cases contributes to the resorption of air bubbles.

Operative therapeutic techniques are used exclusively when complications of this pathology occur (intestinal obstruction, intussusception, peritonitis, etc.).

Prevention and prognosis

With timely elimination of the primary pathological process that provoked the occurrence of gastrointestinal hyperpneumatosis, as well as following a diet and carrying out all necessary therapeutic measures, the prognosis for patients is usually favorable. The formation of multiple or large gas cysts increases the likelihood of developing serious complications (intestinal obstruction, peritonitis) and significantly worsens the prognosis of the disease.

Prevention of intestinal hyperpneumatosis involves timely diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, eating high-quality and fresh food. In the presence of chronic forms of pathologies of the digestive system, it is recommended to carry out planned and regular ultrasound of the abdominal cavity.

Nutritional Features

Proper nutrition helps to significantly alleviate the condition, normalize the passage of gas and stool, and also serves to prevent complications of the disease. It provides:

1. Exclusion of foods that increase fermentation and gas formation in the intestines (grapes, bananas, sweet apples, radishes, legumes, turnips, cabbage, bread and pastries, milk, garlic, cucumbers, onions, oats, mushrooms, turnips, carbonated drinks, raisins).
2. Inclusion of the following products: wheat bread (dried), lean meat (boiled), carrots, greens, zucchini, pumpkin, fermented milk products, beets, green tea, cereals (except pearl barley and millet), freshly squeezed juices, prunes, apricots, pomegranates.
3. Six meals a day. During an exacerbation, the basis of nutrition is pureed dishes that do not cause mechanical irritation to the intestines.
4. Steam and boiled methods of cooking. Eating vegetables in boiled form is also recommended.
5. When diarrheitis predominates - foods rich in tannin and reducing motor skills (compotes, tea, infusions of blueberries, quince, pomegranate, bird cherry), viscous dishes (mashed soups, jelly, pureed porridge).
6. If constipation predominates - boiled beets, prunes, baked fruits, whole grain cereals.

We looked at what it is - intestinal hyperpneumatosis. Treatment of this pathology, prevention and diagnosis are also described in detail.

Source: https://labuda.blog/249245

Symptoms of pneumatosis intestinalis

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The main manifestation of the clinical picture in a disease such as diverticulosis of intestinal loops is excessive gas formation or flatulence. The severity of symptoms depends on the extent of distribution of gas bubbles (air cavities and cysts) on the mucous membranes in the intestinal area. But how to distinguish ordinary flatulence from gastrointestinal pathology that can lead to peritonitis? The main signs of pneumatosis intestinalis:

• stretching of the walls is felt as discomfort in the intestinal area;
• colic;
• vomit;
• nausea;
• skin pallor;
• belching;
• pain of a cramping nature;
• problems with bowel movements (constipation or diarrhea);
• intestinal obstruction develops due to blockage of the lumen by cysts;
• with peritonitis, there is a sharp deterioration in health, severe abdominal pain.

Why is pneumatosis intestinalis dangerous?

Intestinal pneumatosis is a complication of infectious and fermentation processes, in which gases do not move naturally, but form multiple blisters or cysts in the wall.

The condition is almost never primary, but develops as a result of other disease processes.

Often occurs in infancy and old age, when intestinal motility is reduced for natural reasons.

According to the prevalence of gas cysts

Depending on the prevalence of gas cysts, two forms are distinguished:

The limited form is more common when the small intestine is involved, namely the ileum and ileocecal angle or the junction of the ileum and the cecum, equipped with a valve (bauginian valve).

The anatomical features of this section - a sharp bend, a valve, different microflora of the small and large intestine - create the preconditions for many disorders. Normally, the contents of the intestine move only in one direction - from the small to the large intestine, and the valve does not allow reverse movement.

Diseases disrupt this balance, and gas cysts develop here easily.

By the number of gas cysts

By quantity, single and multiple gas cysts are distinguished. Multiple are more common; in appearance they resemble a bunch of grapes.

From a practical point of view, it is important how far the gas cyst protrudes into the intestinal lumen. If there is enough space left for food to pass through, then the matter is limited to discomfort and upset stool.

In the case when the cysts completely block the lumen, intestinal obstruction occurs. The swollen loops can be pressed into each other, with one section penetrating into the lumen of the other. This phenomenon is called intussusception. This leads to intestinal volvulus, necrosis of part due to impaired blood flow. Only surgical treatment can help.

Intestinal obstruction due to pneumatosis can lead to peritonitis if, under gas pressure, the intestinal wall bursts and the contents enter the abdominal cavity. Peritonitis begins, an inflammation of the peritoneum that threatens life. Treatment of peritonitis is surgical; the recovery period takes up to six months; the result is adhesive disease.

Local manifestations (at the gastrointestinal tract level)

• Flatulence or excess accumulation of gases.
  Normally, the intestines contain about 200 ml of gases, consisting of swallowed air, formed in the lumen of the intestines and coming from the blood. During fermentation processes, lack of enzymes and diseases, more than 2.5 liters of gases can be formed. Intestinal gas is foam covered with viscous mucus. The abundance of this foam disrupts digestion, absorption of nutrients and the concentration of enzymes. Flatulence manifests itself as discomfort, a feeling of fullness and pain in the abdomen, and increased gas production.
• Cramping pain occurs during peristaltic waves, when the swollen loops cannot consistently contract.
  Intestinal colic is more typical for infants and develops in the late afternoon. The baby is worried, cries hysterically, draws in his legs, and his stomach becomes hard to the touch. This continues until defecation, and after the release of feces it stops. In adults, pain is without clear localization, spreads around the navel, radiates to the epigastric and hypogastric region.
• Bowel disorders occur in people of all ages, with constipation alternating with diarrhea. Defecation brings temporary relief, then the symptoms return again.
• Heaviness in the abdomen, airy belching, pain along the intestines, loss of appetite are caused by irritation of the walls.
• Nausea, possible vomiting with severe pain.
  Dyspepsia is associated with disruption of the small intestine and stomach due to the formation of cysts.

General manifestations (at the level of the whole organism)

Diffuse spread of pneumatosis leads to the appearance of general symptoms:

• severe weakness;
• pale skin;
• cold sweat;
• increased heart rate;
• decrease in blood pressure.

Such symptoms are observed against the background of abdominal pain and dyspeptic disorders. Urgent consultation with a doctor is required.

If left untreated, the pain will subside after some time, and this is a very bad sign. This means that the nerve endings of the intestinal wall have died. Then peristalsis subsides, and the stage of toxic shock begins. Without surgical treatment, further life is impossible.

Diet

Food should be gentle, warm, boiled and preferably pureed or chopped. Portions are small, no more than a glass at a time. You need to eat often, 4-5 times a day with short breaks. It is required to consume a sufficient amount of liquid, and prepare food from permitted products.

Medicines

The choice of medications is dictated by the underlying disease; in case of an infectious nature, antibiotics of different groups are used.

To eliminate the symptoms of pneumatosis, the following medications are used:

• carminative, based on dill (fennel) – dill water, Plantex;
• based on simethicone - Bobotik, Espumisan, Sab Simplex;
• antispasmodics - drugs based on the substances drotaverine, bencyclane, papaverine, bendazole;
• laxatives – sodium sulfate, Carlsbad salt, Lactulose, Duphalac, Inulin, Normaze, Prelax;
• anti-diarrhea drugs - Nifuroxazide, Enterofuril, Fthalazol, Furazolidone;
• enterosorbents – activated carbon, Enterosorbent, Polyphepan, Smecta, Polysorb;
• prokinetics for motility disorders - Bromoprid, Domperidone, Metoclopramide.

Source: https://limto.ru/chem-opasen-pnevmatoz-kishechnika/

Diagnosis of pneumatosis

How to detect pneumatosis of the colon and small intestine? Unfortunately, the diagnosis of diverticulosis is difficult due to the nonspecificity of the symptoms of the pathology. The disease is mainly caused by other problems of the gastrointestinal tract. Diagnostic methods include: X-ray, ultrasound, endoscopy (colonoscopy), palpation. What is the best way to diagnose pathology? The most effective method is considered to be an endoscopic examination, which can be performed by doctors to confirm the diagnosis of intestinal emphysema after an X-ray with a contrast agent.

Pneumatosis intestinalis on ultrasound

One method for detecting diverticulosis is ultrasound. By chance, a doctor may detect an accumulation of gases of various etiologies on an ultrasound of the small or large intestine. Intestinal pneumatosis is diagnosed on ultrasound by examining the gastrointestinal tract or abdominal cavity. Ultrasound examination is carried out on an empty stomach, 2 days before the procedure you need to exclude foods that lead to gas formation: raw vegetables, beans, milk, brown bread.

Intestinal palpation

In some cases, a gastroenterologist will be able to detect diverticulosis in a patient without laboratory testing, by palpation of the abdomen. This happens rarely, but it is possible: air bubbles in the intestinal area can be felt. Active palpation of the intestine reveals a cyst-pouch. Such cysts are arranged in rows; when palpated, you can hear the sound of bursting gas and air bubbles.

Read more about pneumatosis intestinalis

Intestinal pneumatosis usually appears when intestinal motility is disrupted; as a result, gases do not escape naturally, but accumulate in various parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Typically, such lesions occur in the small or large intestine in the submucosal or subserosal layer, but can occur in the stomach, mesentery, peritoneum, colon, gastrohepatic and falciform ligaments.

Although the pathology can affect people of any age, it is mainly diagnosed in infants and the elderly due to persistent disturbances in the digestive system and reduced physical activity. The size of the cysts is 0.5-5 cm.

Pneumatosis intestinalis can be classified - according to its prevalence, it is divided into:

• limited - affects one area of ​​the intestine;
• diffuse - spreads evenly over the entire surface of the intestinal tract.

How to treat pneumatosis intestinalis

Peritonitis is considered a life-threatening inflammatory process in the pathology of intestinal loops, in which gases penetrate into the abdominal cavity due to rupture of the intestine due to increased pressure of gas formations. Timely treatment of intestinal pneumatosis and special nutrition will protect against consequences. Basically, therapeutic measures are taken for the underlying diseases that cause trauma to the intestinal walls, since intestinal emphysema is a secondary process.

In young children, intestinal infections are treated with active antibiotics based on the results of bacteriological culture and antiseptics. For intestinal spasms, taking antispasmodics is indicated, and for constipation, the first thing to do is normalize your diet and start taking a laxative. If intestinal obstruction develops and symptoms of peritonitis appear, hospitalization, surgical intervention and drainage of the abdominal cavity are urgently performed.

Treatment of pneumatosis intestinalis with medications

Drug therapy is aimed at reducing the amount of gases and removing them naturally, treating the underlying disease that caused gas accumulation, and normalizing the intestinal microflora. So how to treat pneumatosis intestinalis with medication? First of all, you need to contact a gastroenterologist who can distinguish this pathology from another disease using diagnostic methods. Drug treatment is carried out with drugs such as:

• prokinetics;
• defoamers, carminatives (simethicone, espumizan);
• adsorbents (bismuth preparations, activated carbon);
• antispasmodics (no-spa, baralgin);
• laxatives;
• against diarrhea (motilium, cerucal).

Treatment of pneumatosis intestinalis with folk remedies

At home, you can get rid of pathology with the help of the following natural medicines: parsley, dill, chamomile, dandelion, wormwood, tradescantia houseplant, aloe, and decoctions of other herbal preparations. The most effective recipes for treating pneumatosis intestinalis with folk remedies are considered to be an infusion of parsley and dill seeds. To prepare the first remedy, you need to chop the parsley seeds, take 1 tsp. Bay in the evening 1 tbsp. slightly warm water, leave until morning. The therapeutic effect occurs if you take 1 tbsp of infusion. l. hourly.

To prepare dill, you need to grind the seeds to a powder. Then take 1 tbsp. l. After receiving the raw material, pour boiling water (300 ml). Strain after 3 hours. 30 minutes before meals, drink 1 tbsp of infusion. Chamomile infusion provides good treatment results: 1 tbsp. l. the flower must be crushed into powder, pour 1 tbsp. boiling water Take before meals with a few sips. When air cysts form in the intestinal area, an infusion of dandelion root is used: the roots are crushed and filled with water overnight. You should take 30 ml before meals.

Hyperpneumatosis of intestinal loops - what is it?

Having felt cramping and bursting pain in the abdomen, accompanied by a gag reflex, nausea, belching and stool upset, a person turns to a gastroenterologist, who, after carrying out diagnostic measures, determines the patient’s disappointing diagnosis of pneumatosis intestinalis.
Further treatment of gastrointestinal disease is carried out depending on the prevailing symptomatic signs. What does pneumatosis intestinalis mean, what are the causes, symptoms and treatment of the disease, will be discussed in this article.

What is pneumatosis intestinalis in adults and children?

Pneumatosis intestinalis is a rather rare symptomatic disease accompanied by the formation of air cysts on the intestinal mucosa.

This occurs as a result of the accumulation of gases that were not absorbed by the circulatory system and/or did not leak through the intestinal mucosa.

As a result of a physiological malfunction, bubbles with a high concentration of gases form on the surface of the jejunum or colon.

Severe pneumatosis intestinalis can develop at any age. However, the clinical condition is most often observed in people of the older age category after 60 years and in infants.

If left untreated, cystic formations can form an air cavity more than 1 cm in diameter.

Causes of pneumatosis intestinalis

The cause-and-effect factor of the disease is most associated with a violation of the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, infectious damage to the gastrointestinal tract, systemic diseases (colitis or intestinal adhesions), and a violation of the acid-base balance of the internal environment of the intestinal canal.

In infants, pneumatosis intestinalis most often develops against the background of food poisoning, as a result of which intestinal motility, that is, its motor muscle activity, is disrupted.

Obstructing the removal of gases naturally contributes to the formation of gas accumulations in various parts of the intestinal system. In children, the large intestine most often becomes the site of inflammation.

In older and older adults, the main cause of pneumatosis is intestinal obstruction. In this case, there is a mechanical obstruction to the natural release of gas accumulations. In addition, intestinal pneumatosis can develop with a stomach ulcer or duodenal ulcer, intestinal stenosis, cancer and other gastrointestinal pathologies.

Pneumatosis intestinalis: symptoms

The severity of the disease is determined by the patient’s complaints. Of course, increased gas formation, or flatulence, comes to the fore.

The accumulation of gases stretches the intestinal walls, providing a person with cramping pain, colic and discomfort in the jejunum or colon. Intestinal rarefaction is accompanied by stool disorder. A person complains of frequent diarrhea or constipation.

Sometimes the symptoms of pneumatosis are accompanied by nausea, vomiting, a feeling of heaviness and fullness in the stomach.

Diagnosis of pneumatosis

It is quite difficult to determine pneumatosis of the jejunum or colon based on the patient’s symptomatic complaints alone, since the signs of pneumatosis of the intestine are not specific, and very often resemble other clinical conditions of gastrointestinal diseases.

A more informative diagnostic picture can only be obtained using instrumental scanning:

• Ultrasound of the intestines;
• plain X-ray examination of the abdominal cavity;
• irrigoscopy;
• endoscopic examination (colonoscopy);
• diagnostic confirmation of pneumatosis intestinalis on MRI.

Having collected all the information - the patient’s complaints, medical history and laboratory diagnostic results, the attending physician recommends appropriate therapeutic treatment of pneumatosis intestinalis, which is based on the use of not only pharmacological drugs, but also on compliance with certain rules of diet and nutritional therapy.

How to treat pneumatosis intestinalis?

The most life-threatening complication of pneumatosis intestinalis is peritonitis, when, as a result of increased pressure, the inflamed intestine ruptures and accumulated gases penetrate into the abdominal cavity. To avoid this most complex clinical pathology, timely therapeutic intervention is necessary.

Drug treatment of pneumatosis

Diffuse coronary pneumatosis is a secondary symptomatic manifestation. Therefore, drug treatment should be aimed at eliminating the underlying disease of the gastrointestinal tract.

When the disease progresses against the background of an intestinal infection, complex therapy with antibacterial drugs and antiseptics is necessary, which are selected by the attending physician taking into account the physiological characteristics of the patient, his age criteria and gender.

To eliminate pain, antispasmodic drugs are used - Drotaverine® or Baralgin® .

Espumisan® or Meteospasmil® will help reduce gas formation activity .

Constipation can be eliminated with the help of pharmacological laxatives, and antidiarrheal drug combinations will relieve a person of diarrhea. Strengthen intestinal motility, possibly with the help of prokinetics.

Traditional medicine treatment

Intestinal pneumatosis can also be treated using folk remedies, provided that basic drug therapy is followed. Natural medicines will help you get rid of intestinal pathology at home:

• dandelion chamomile;
• Dill seeds;
• fresh parsley;
• dandelion root;
• wormwood;
• decoctions from other herbal preparations.

The advantage of this type of treatment is that it is absolutely harmless for both small children and adults. The only contraindication to the use of medicinal preparations against intestinal pneumatosis is an allergic reaction to natural plant components.

Recipe No. 1. Infusion of parsley and dill seeds. A teaspoon of crushed dry herbal ingredients is poured into a glass of boiled water and infused for 10-12 hours. The therapeutic effect occurs after 4-5 daily doses of the drug. Recommended dosage: one teaspoon 3 times a day before meals.

Recipe No. 2. Dandelion root decoction. Two teaspoons of crushed root are poured into 200 ml of boiling water. The medicinal product is infused for 5-6 hours. It is recommended to take one tablespoon of the medicine before meals.

Recipe No. 3. Chamomile infusion. A glass of boiling water is poured into a tablespoon of dry crushed product. The homemade medicine is infused for at least 3 hours. Take one teaspoon 3-4 times a day. An infusion of wormwood or a decoction of fresh parsley is prepared in the same way.

Diet for pneumatosis intestinalis in adults

Proper nutrition is the key to the health of not only the gastrointestinal system, but also the entire body as a whole. The basic principle of therapeutic nutrition is based on the exclusion from the diet of foods that cause increased gas formation. So, for intestinal pneumatosis the following are not recommended:

• legumes;
• cabbage in any form;
• apples;
• tomatoes;
• yeast products;
• fermented milk products, for example, kefir, cottage cheese, sour cream;
• carbonated drinks, including kvass;
• canned vegetables and fruits;
• salted, smoked and fatty foods.

Source: https://okishechnike.com/info/giperpnevmatoz-petel-kishechnika-chto-jeto/

Diet for pneumatosis intestinalis

Nutrition for pneumatosis is as follows: foods that cause gas and heavy foods are excluded. You cannot eat: beans, raw vegetables (especially tomatoes), cereals, sauerkraut, fatty, smoked, canned, salted, fried foods. Vegetables can only be consumed boiled or stewed, but without oil. Proper nutrition for intestinal pneumatosis includes: quince, jelly, cream soup, blueberries, pears, steamed fish and meat dishes.

Find out in more detail what intestinal colitis is - symptoms and treatment in adults.

Intestinal pneumatization - what is it? All adults should know the answer to the question, because this phenomenon is quite widespread. It is often observed in children, so parents should be especially attentive.

Pneumatosis intestinalis: symptoms and treatment, necessary diet

In modern times, diseases of the digestive system are common. One of these diseases is pneumatosis intestinalis. This type of disease is quite rare, but when detected, it can lead to the formation of air cysts. What is this disease and how to deal with it?

Pneumatosis intestinalis and the causes of its development

Intestinal pneumatosis refers to a disease of the digestive organs, which is characterized by the accumulation of gases in the intestinal canal.

With further development of the disease, air cysts form on the mucous membrane. In advanced cases, in the absence of a therapeutic process, the development of severe pneumatosis is observed.

This type of complication is characterized not only by the accumulation of gases, but also by the manifestation of the inflammatory process.

Not many people know about pneumatosis intestinalis, what it is and what are the reasons for its manifestation. The thing is that this disease is extremely rare in practice. When consuming certain foods, gas formation occurs in the intestinal canal. If there is a violation of gas absorption, then a gradual development of the disease is observed.

Before treatment, you need to know the causes of the disease. These include:

• malnutrition or severe food poisoning in childhood;
• impaired peristalsis of the intestinal canal. This process is observed after surgery or when other diseases of the digestive organs occur;
• development of infectious diseases in the large and small intestines with disruption of microflora;
• the occurrence of partial or complete obstruction of the intestinal canal. The causes of this phenomenon may be injury or the development of a hernia, the presence of malignant tumors, the formation of adhesions, and compression of the intestine.

Very often newborns suffer from this pathological process. This phenomenon is due to low motor activity and immaturity of the intestinal canal. In older children, pneumatosis of the stomach and large intestine is observed due to intestinal infections, the presence of enteritis and colitis.

Diagnosis of pneumatosis intestinalis

This disease does not have pronounced symptoms, so diagnosing it is sometimes difficult. If the patient has the first signs of illness, then it is necessary to contact a gastroenterologist. He will listen to complaints and take an anamnesis. After which he will palpate the abdominal area. When palpated, cavities will be found that are filled with air.

To confirm the diagnosis, the patient is prescribed one of the types of endoscopic examination. When examining the mucous membrane from the inside, you can see multiple sacs.

After this, an X-ray examination is performed using a contrast agent. To identify the cause of the disease, a biopsy is performed. That is, during colonoscopy or rectoscopy, material is taken from the mucous membrane.

Diet for pneumatosis

One of the important treatment methods is diet for pneumatosis intestinalis. Proper nutrition in children and adults can reduce gas formation, improve the functioning of the digestive system and improve bowel movements.

There are several rules that should be followed during treatment.

1. It is necessary to observe a strict drinking regime. Alcoholic drinks, soda and coffee are completely excluded from the diet. It is best to drink compotes, fruit drinks, weak black or green tea, jelly, and water. The amount of liquid should not be less than two liters per day.
2. Meals should be fractional up to six times a day. In this case, the portions should be small - about the size of a fist. The break between meals should be about two hours.
3. Fried, fatty, hot and spicy foods should be completely avoided. All smoked meats, marinades, and canned food are also removed.

What can you eat with such an illness? Nutrition for pneumatosis involves the use of:

• porridge with water in the form of buckwheat, rice, millet, oatmeal. In the morning after sleep, oatmeal jelly will be an excellent dish. It coats the stomach and intestinal canal well, thus preventing irritation of the mucous membrane;
• soups with vegetable and low-fat meat broth;
• boiled vegetables;
• boiled meat in the form of chicken, turkey, beef and rabbit. You can add fish to your diet, but you can only eat it once a week.

If you have constipation, you can drink kefir or natural yogurt without any additives every evening. Rosehip decoction is perfect for strengthening immune function.

Possible adverse complications

The concept of pancreatic pneumatosis, what it is and what the reasons for its development are, still remain a mystery to medicine. Experts are only guessing what kind of illness it is.

If the pathological process is not diagnosed in a timely manner, there is no treatment and non-compliance with the diet, adverse consequences may develop in the form of:

• partial or complete obstruction of the intestinal canal. This phenomenon is observed as a result of damage to the digestive organ and blocking of the lumen of the large intestine and cyst formation;
• intussusception of the intestine until high pressure is created in the loops;
• intense formation of adhesions;
• necrosis of the mucous membrane due to impaired blood flow in the affected tissue structures.

If the disease occurs as a result of infectious or parasitic pathogens, the inflammatory process can spread to the liver and kidneys. With the development of an advanced stage in the form of hyperpneumatosis, death may occur.

Treating pneumatosis is not so difficult. The main thing is to consult a specialist in time and follow all the doctor’s recommendations. It is also worth undergoing preventive examinations periodically.

Tips and tricks

Source: https://zivot.ru/kishechnik/pnevmatoz.html

general information

Recently, this diagnosis has been made more and more often. It is quite natural that ordinary people want to know the answer to the question: intestinal pneumatization - what is it? After all, the ability to identify pathology in a timely manner and seek help affects the duration and effectiveness of treatment.

Nowadays, this diagnosis is given to almost every third patient who comes to the clinic to check the gastrointestinal tract. If you find yourself in such a situation, first of all check with your doctors how to restore intestinal motility. This will help avoid complications.

Is intestinal pneumatization dangerous? What does this name hide behind it? The diagnosis usually does not involve serious risks. Nevertheless, the present disorders significantly worsen the patient’s quality of life. The most unpleasant symptoms are diarrhea, gas, bloating. With this disease, changes are observed in the structure of the intestinal walls. Often, the affected areas become the site of the formation of cavities in which air accumulates. In addition, there is a risk of developing a cyst.

Note!

Why does increased intestinal pneumatization occur? Medicine knows many reasons, but the most common is stomach diseases. And sometimes it’s all about tissue infection.

The disease is often accompanied by spasms, and in some patients they are quite painful. Abnormal bowel movements are observed in an adult patient.

The disease often manifests itself in very young children. The risk group is children who have had intestinal infectious diseases.

Classification

Doctors distinguish two subtypes of the disease:

• widespread (extensive);
• limited (local).

More common is the limited type, in which the pathological process is localized in the wall of the small intestine. But in the second form, the disease covers the entire intestine.

The areas most susceptible to the disease are:

• ileum;
• ileocecal zone.

In both types of diseases, changes occur in the intestinal mucosa, causing the appearance of cysts. Such neoplasms can accumulate in one area or be evenly distributed throughout the entire intestinal wall.

Causes of the disease

The following reasons for the development of this gastrointestinal pathology are identified:

• intestinal obstruction;
• spasms;
• increased pressure in the abdominal cavity;
• impaired peristalsis and associated increased flatulence;
• infection with pathogens of intestinal diseases;
• penetration of air through the intestinal wall;
• sedentary lifestyle, sedentary work;
• disruption of the functioning of intestinal lymphatic capillaries.

Medical practice shows that treating the disease is not easy, so prevention is much more effective in preventing the development of pathology.

How to suspect something is wrong?

In what cases should you visit a doctor and undergo a comprehensive examination? If a person notices increased flatulence, then this is a serious reason to think about whether everything is in order in the body. As a rule, this symptom appears suddenly and sharply.

Another obvious manifestation of pathology is constipation. How strongly it is expressed is determined by the degree of intestinal damage. Which part of the gastrointestinal tract is under attack also plays a role.

Since the disease is characterized by disorders such as bloating and gas formation, the intestinal walls stretch over time, which becomes the cause of a cramping pain syndrome that comes without warning, suddenly. The patient also regularly notes discomfort, unpleasant, even painful sensations in the intestinal area.

The list of symptoms includes diarrhea. Some patients complain of colic.

Severe cases

The most difficult situation is the occurrence of intestinal obstruction associated with a cyst in the anal area. In some patients, due to pathology, the intestinal lumen is completely blocked.

Another severe scenario is a rupture of the intestine, caused by increased pressure of gases accumulated inside. In this case, the contents of the intestine are poured into the abdominal cavity, which leads to inflammation.

Without knowing how to restore intestinal motility, by delaying contacting a doctor, you can lead to peritonitis. And the treatment of this inflammatory disease is complex and does not always give positive results even with timely initiation of therapy.

Pneumatosis intestinalis - causes, treatment and nutrition

Sometimes the gases that form in the intestines are not absorbed into the blood, but accumulate, which is why cavities subsequently form - air cysts. It should be noted that pneumatosis intestinalis, as this disease is called, is a rather rare pathology that occurs mainly in men after 35 years of age and in newborns.

Read more about pneumatosis intestinalis

Intestinal pneumatosis usually appears when intestinal motility is disrupted; as a result, gases do not escape naturally, but accumulate in various parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

Typically, such lesions occur in the small or large intestine in the submucosal or subserosal layer, but can occur in the stomach, mesentery, peritoneum, colon, gastrohepatic and falciform ligaments. Such pathology rarely appears on its own.

Typically, pneumatosis intestinalis occurs against the background of diseases such as enteritis or colitis. Severe pneumatosis is a type of disease when several internal organs can be affected simultaneously.

Although the pathology can affect people of any age, it is mainly diagnosed in infants and the elderly due to persistent disturbances in the digestive system and reduced physical activity. The size of the cysts is 0.5-5 cm.

Pneumatosis intestinalis can be classified - according to its prevalence, it is divided into:

• limited - affects one area of ​​the intestine;
• diffuse - spreads evenly over the entire surface of the intestinal tract.

On a note! Adult patients have episodes of self-healing. After this, small scars remain in place of the cysts.

Causes and mechanism of pneumatosis intestinalis

The main cause of pneumatosis is considered to be the excessive formation and prolonged presence of gases in the intestines, which arise due to the following conditions:

1. intestinal infections . In case of severe intestinal lesions of an infectious nature (foodborne diseases, cholera, dysentery, salmonellosis), increased gas formation is the result of the fermentation process and the release of gaseous substances by pathogenic microorganisms;
2. gastrointestinal tumors . In the presence of malignant and benign tumors of the intestine, a narrowing or complete blockage of the lumen of the organ occurs, which leads to intestinal obstruction, accumulation of gases and their entry into the thickness of the intestinal wall;
3. other diseases of the digestive tract . Inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease, colitis, enterocolitis), atony, adhesions between the loops of the organ - all this provokes failures in the removal of the resulting gas and the development of pneumatosis;
4. wrong lifestyle . Eating a large number of foods that can cause gas formation, adynamia, and nervous disorders. They lead to flatulence, digestive failure and the development of air cavities in the intestinal wall.

Pneumatosis can be a side effect of diseases of the pancreas, spleen, liver, kidneys, stomach and other organs of the genitourinary system, and can occur during pregnancy.

The mechanism of the appearance of pathological cysts has not been fully studied. There are three theories for the formation of intestinal pneumatosis:

• pulmonary According to this theory, pneumatosis appears due to chronic lung diseases (COPD, bronchial asthma). Due to frequent coughing, microtears of the alveoli occur, pneumomediastinum appears, leading to air entering the retroperitoneal space. From it, free gas penetrates the intestinal wall and accumulates under the serous membrane;
• infectious. According to this theory of the origin of the disease, gases released by bacteria enter the inflamed intestinal wall and merge into large bubbles;
• mechanical. This theory has received the most recognition. According to it, intestinal cysts are formed due to primary pathology of the gastrointestinal tract (enterocolitis, tumor, stenosis) and congenital pathologies of the blood and lymphatic vessels of the intestine. Against the background of these diseases, a process of traumatization and thinning of the inner intestinal lining occurs. Under the influence of intraintestinal pressure, the gas passes through microdefects, ends up in the lymphatic vessels and spreads to the submucosal layer of the intestine.

The cysts inside are lined with epithelium and contain various gases: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, argon and others.

Pneumatosis intestinalis in pregnant women

During pregnancy, women experience disruptions in the functioning of the digestive system:

• the level of bifidobacteria decreases;
• the uterus puts pressure on the rectum, which creates an obstacle to the removal of gases;
• strenuous work leads to problems in the pancreas;
• due to the release of progesterone, peristalsis is disrupted.

All of these factors increase the risk of cysts.

Consequences of pneumatosis intestinalis

An increase in pressure inside the intestine provokes hyperpneumatization of intestinal loops with the development of volvulus or intussusception.

An increase in the number of blisters or an increase in their size leads to absolute or partial blockage of the organ lumen with the occurrence of obstructive intestinal obstruction, which is accompanied by general intoxication of the body. This leads to infectious-toxic shock and death.

The spread of cavities contributes to the formation of intestinal adhesions. Pressure on the intestinal wall leads to disruption of its nutrition, ischemia and necrosis.

Necrosis of intestinal areas and excessive gas pressure provoke ruptures of the wall and penetration of intestinal contents into the abdominal cavity.

This causes the formation of an inflammatory process - peritonitis, and if emergency measures are not taken - sepsis.

How to treat pneumatosis intestinalis

Pneumatization of the intestine almost always occurs against the background of other diseases of the digestive system, so it is necessary to treat the underlying diseases.

Resection of the affected area of ​​the intestine provokes frequent relapses of the disease, so surgical removal of blisters is used very rarely.

Surgical treatment methods are also used for the development of complications (peritonitis, intestinal obstruction, intussusception, etc.)

The disease is treated in the following ways:

Drug therapy

It includes treatment with drugs based on fennel and simethicone, which relieve symptoms of flatulence. Antispasmodics are prescribed for pain and cramps in the abdomen, for constipation - laxatives, and for diarrhea - antidiarrheal drugs. If peristalsis is slow - prokinetic, if the disease is infectious, antibacterial drugs are prescribed.

Therapy of pneumatosis intestinalis with folk remedies

In addition to drug treatment and diet, traditional methods of treatment are often used, but they can only hasten recovery without curing the disease completely. An infusion of parsley seeds, a decoction of dill seeds, a chamomile infusion, an infusion of wormwood, and a decoction of dandelion are popular.

Treatment methods

If the diagnosis shows that there is pneumatization of the intestine, then complex treatment is practiced. First of all, a special diet is prescribed, and concomitant diseases are identified. Therapy is aimed at eliminating the primary causes of the disease.

Antibiotics and antiseptics are prescribed if an intestinal infection can be identified. If pneumatization is suspected, taking such medications on your own is strictly prohibited, as this can provoke an aggravation of the situation, including the need for urgent hospitalization.

In case of intestinal obstruction, surgery is prescribed. For constipation, it is recommended to use laxatives and monitor your meal schedule.

The greatest effectiveness is shown by a combination of medications and diet. The patient should remember that a number of popular foods are difficult for the intestines to tolerate even in a healthy state - such foods should be avoided.

Diet features

With increased gas formation, doctors recommend monitoring your diet very carefully. In particular, the following foods should be completely or almost completely excluded:

• peas;
• legumes

All their subspecies, including lentils, are rich in complex proteins that the body absorbs with great difficulty. In addition, these products stimulate the formation of gases in the intestines.

Due to the increased concentration of fiber and the abundance of extractive components, the following should be excluded from the daily menu:

• apples;
• radish;
• cabbage

For the same reason, it is not recommended to eat kiwi and garlic.

Bloating and gas formation are the result of fermentation processes in the intestines. Therefore, you should avoid these products:

• kvass;
• bread;
• beer.

You should not get carried away with raisins, as they also provoke increased fermentation, which turns into a problem when intestinal motility is disrupted.

Meat products you should exclude from your diet:

• goose;
• pork meat.

You should not overuse mushrooms, as these products are difficult to digest in the stomach and begin to rot before the enzymes have time to break them down. Nutritionists also recommend avoiding carbonated drinks and all foods rich in carbohydrates.

Menu (Power Mode)

It is necessary to organize 5-6 meals a day. You need to observe moderation in food and try to eat mono food at one time and not combine protein and carbohydrate foods (meat, fish and porridge and pasta). It has been noticed that when consumed in this way, food takes a long time and is difficult to digest, and conditions are created for fermentation and gas formation.

Breakfast can consist of any porridge with butter, dry cookies with a small amount of jam and unsweetened tea. For lunch - vegetable soup, boiled chicken with a vegetable side dish and a decoction of herbs. For dinner - baked fish and vegetables. All snacks should be light and taken 2 hours after the main meal (baked apple, a glass of kefir, a portion of cottage cheese, eggs or just fresh fruit).

Proper nutrition helps to significantly alleviate the condition, normalize the passage of gas and stool, and also serves to prevent complications of the disease. It provides:

1. Exclusion of foods that increase fermentation and gas formation in the intestines (grapes, bananas, sweet apples, radishes, legumes, turnips, cabbage, bread and pastries, milk, garlic, cucumbers, onions, oats, mushrooms, turnips, carbonated drinks, raisins).
2. Inclusion of the following products: wheat bread (dried), lean meat (boiled), carrots, greens, zucchini, pumpkin, fermented milk products, beets, green tea, cereals (except pearl barley and millet), freshly squeezed juices, prunes, apricots, pomegranates.
3. Six meals a day. During an exacerbation, the basis of nutrition is pureed dishes that do not cause mechanical irritation to the intestines.
4. Steam and boiled methods of cooking. Eating vegetables in boiled form is also recommended.
5. When diarrheitis predominates - foods rich in tannin and reducing motor skills (compotes, tea, infusions of blueberries, quince, pomegranate, bird cherry), viscous dishes (puree soups, jelly, pureed porridge).
6. If constipation predominates - boiled beets, prunes, baked fruits, whole grain cereals.

We looked at what it is - intestinal hyperpneumatosis. Treatment of this pathology, prevention and diagnosis are also described in detail.

1. Treatment of polyps in the intestines with folk remedies with chaga, celandine and other remedies
2. Foods that weaken the intestines
3. Magnesium sulfate for colon cleansing: how to use at home
4. Intestinal cyst symptoms photo

What is allowed?

Because of the list of restrictions listed above, you may get the impression that you can’t eat anything at all. In fact, this is not so - the variety of foods and dishes allowed and even recommended for intestinal motility disorders is great.

Cereal porridges boiled in water are extremely useful:

• buckwheat;
• millet

It is recommended to either steam or cook any food before eating. You can simmer. But you shouldn't eat fried food. Only those flour products that were made from coarsely ground raw materials can be eaten.

To achieve the maximum positive effect from the diet, you need to eat strictly according to the schedule. This regimen will help normalize the production of gases in the intestines and improve the health of the body. You should eat small portions, but at least six times a day.

Eat slowly, chewing all food thoroughly. Remember that when talking while eating, a person involuntarily swallows air, which only aggravates the situation. It is recommended to eat at the same time every day.

What drugs help?

With intestinal pneumatization, antibiotics and some other drugs taken under the supervision of a doctor are beneficial. It is important that the doctor monitors the patient’s condition at all times to avoid additional complications.

The practice of treatment with prebiotics is widespread. This is the common name for drugs that stimulate the growth of colonies of beneficial bacteria in the intestines. Problems with peristalsis are often caused by microflora disturbances, and such medications give good results. Otherwise, all those particles that are not broken down by gastric juice decompose in the intestines with the formation of gases.

Enzyme preparations are another group of medications that are in demand for problems with peristalsis. They improve digestion and normalize the process of digesting foods.

Therapy with choleretic drugs shows remarkable results. If the disease is associated with spasms, drugs based on drotaverine will come to the rescue. But if the appearance of gas is accompanied by the production of foaming mucus, medications that contain simethicone will help. The best results can be achieved by combining drug therapy, proper nutrition and control of work and rest patterns.

Symptoms

Since pneumatosis is a rare pathology, little data has been accumulated on its course to fully describe the symptoms.

They will largely depend on the localization of air-gas formations and their total quantity, and the rate of progression of the pathology. There are no specific symptoms characteristic only of pneumatosis - they are all caused by negative processes occurring in the intestinal walls:

1. Gases accumulating in the lumen of the intestinal loops begin to stretch its walls - flatulence. This causes discomfort in the projection of negative processes, and even intestinal colic may appear.
2. Painful sensations are vague - the patient is not able to indicate the location of the pain. Unpleasant sensations occur spasmodically and can migrate.
3. Difficulty with bowel movements - frequent diarrhea may alternate with periods of constipation. In severe cases of pathology, the formed cysts block the lumen of the intestinal loop - obstruction is observed, with the corresponding clinical picture. Rapidly increasing pressure can even lead to rupture of the intestine with the formation of peritonitis.
4. Sometimes nausea and vomiting occur, heaviness in the stomach, belching, and a person constantly feels fullness in the stomach.

After bowel movement, you feel better.